Post by Ang on Aug 9, 2005 17:43:20 GMT -5
Long read - but well written thesis...
erikparker.com/articles/august02.htm by: Erik Parker
Zecharia Sitchin's thesis is simple to understand and has much evidence and weight behind it. It is that the Sumerian people, (later on the Akkadian, Assyrian and Babylonians) carved on clay tablets, (3/4 of a million texts, most of the tablets are contracts for goods & services and administrative tablets), that tell a story
that is both familiar and fantastic. The tablets, which have never changed from the date of creating them, have been found in digs all over the Middle East. The oldest stories of the Bible including the creation of Earth, the creation of man, the flood & destruction of
mankind, the Tower of Babel all are contained in these tablets. The tablets talk of multiple gods with different names that helped the people learn about harvesting, shepherding, astronomy, the calendar, irrigation, etc. Sitchin has shown that the level of understanding
and advanced thinking could not have been by accident and chance. The Sumerian kings and priests never claimed credit for this knowledge; the tablets always attributed the information to their gods, called by them the Anunnaki. Meaning "those who from heaven
to Earth came." Many of the tablets discuss the eating and dietary habits of these gods that inhabited the temples, who were cared for by the humans with reverence. This is no fantasy, the tablets
contain bills of sale for the materials delivered to the temples, and foods that were consumed and paid for. Some of the gods would not eat meat before Mid-day, or if they were served in anything but
gold bowls or gold cups would throw it back to the humans. Many authors and scholars have shown that the Bible picked up many of these ancient stories and influences and wrote them down the best they could at the time, not having direct access to the tablets, but
the stories being holy and repeated publicly at festivals. But later on the mistranslations appeared because of the different languages, influences of individual authors, scribes and translators that placed their own stamp and philosophy on them. Sitchin has
shown certain words have an older origin than the Hebrew language and it is a known fact that Hebrew borrows words from Aramaic, Canaanite, Akkadian, etc. These words are clues to cultures which preceded the Hebrews. Sitchin never stated that the grammar would be perfect to match the plurality of the word gods/Elohim. He stated that certain words contain evidence and history with them that show
the older influence from those previous cultures.
Abram (Abraham later on) came from the land of Sumer (Shinar in the Bible), from the capital city known as Ur (Ur Kasdim in the Bible, Gen 11:31). His father and grandfather were long lived Sumerians that lived in the capital city of Ur (around 2,025 to 2,075 BCE). Abraham's parents worshipped the gods of Sumer and he grew up with that culture. It says in Joshua 24:2, "Your forefathers, Terah the father of Abraham and the father of Nahor, always dwelt beyond the
(Euphrates) river and they served gods (Elohim) of others." This also means that Abram would have heard the Sumerian mythology repeated every year during festivals, if he attended with his father
& grandfather, until he left the land and went to Haran.
The Israelites left Egypt around (1,250 - 1,350 BCE) depends on who you think was the pharaoh at the time and the dating of them. Invasion of the Sea Peoples the Phoenicians (about 1,200 - 1,250 BCE). Old Hebrew or Temple Script borrowed Phoenician letters as shown in "The Atlas of Languages, The Origin and Development of Languages Throughout the World." The names of the letters are Phoenician names. A quote from the books says, "Following the sixth- century Babylonian exile of the Jews, the Old Hebrew script gradually gave way to Aramaic. The old characters, are, however, still used as a liturgical script by the Samaritans. Modern Hebrew square characters have their origin in the Aramaic script."
The time of Kind David and Solomon (about 931 - 1,000 BCE) During the reign of King Josiah of Judah, (around 609 - 641 BCE) all the torah (Bible) scrolls were lost in Israel until the high priest discovered one. After King Josiah, a religious man heard the words, apparently for the first time; he ordered all the temples of false
gods destroyed and the Passover to be observed (II Kings Chap 22 & 23). It says, "this is the first time the Passover was observed since the days of the Judges and all the days of the kings of Israel and Judah" (that is between 200 - 300 years). Now this is a time
when there is a holy temple in Jerusalem and there is worship and sacrifices going on there. Yet there are sill temples to false gods in Judah and no one has celebrated Passover for generations. Passover is currently one of the biggest holidays of the year for
Jews; it celebrates the Jewish exile from Egypt. In fact that is Yahweh's claim to fame in the Ten Commandments when it says "God (Elohim) spoke all these statements, saying, [I am the Lord (Yahweh)
your god], that took you out of Egypt from the house of slavery." (Exodus. 20:2) [it should read "I am Yahweh, your god that... "]
During the lifetime of the prophet Jeremiah, during the reign of Jehoiakim the son of the previous King Josiah, (about 598 - 597 BCE), parts of the Bible were re-written by Jeremiah. Apparently they had lost much of it again because Jeremiah delivered it to the elders and advisors of the king, and when the elders read it, they
were amazed (Jeremiah, Chap 36). But the king got mad when he heard Jeremiah's prophecies of destruction and threw the scroll into the fire. So Jeremiah re-writes the scrolls once again from the words
of Yahweh. This could also be called channeling. Here we have an example of the Bible actually telling us that it is being written in real time, as opposed to saying it is an old document.
When the Jews came back to Israel from the exile in Babylon (about 520 BCE), they had picked up the Babylonian names of the months of the year. They still use those names today even though the older
Bible from the desert with Moses has numbered months, this all changed in a time span of 70 - 72 years of exile. The original names of the months are listed with the holidays that went with them in Numbers 28:16-39, an example is the first month, or the seventh
month, that is how Yahweh and Moses labeled the months of the calendar. Here are examples of just three names of the 12 currently being used. Nisan from Nisanu, Tishrei from Tashritu, and my favorite Tammuz from Dumuzi, (Dumuzi is the actual name of a Sumerian god. Tammuz is the Semitic pronunciation. I am not sure if the Rabbis know they are using the name of an ancient false god for one of their month's names).
So when the final compilation of the Bible appeared during the years after returning from the Babylonian exile (around 520 BCE). The biblical authors incorporated their philosophy of one deity, Yahweh,
into the copies of the scrolls. Whatever attributes a previous god may have had, was retained and given to Yahweh on paper. If the story was holy and the deeds were attributed to Anu, Enki, Enlil, Inanna or Marduk it became the property of the Elohim or Yahweh.
Probably Elohim was a clue to uncover those stories that showed an earlier influence from Mesopotamia. Why not just give one name to all the other gods mentioned and save much time? Remember the Bible
is trying to prove there is only one god, which is the point of the document. So we can accomplish this by putting all individual names into one general term, plural of course, and for the priests with
the secret knowledge that know for themselves, we just incorporated the great stories the public knows and made them specific to our culture and our congregation. Who would know about the older
tablets, who would know we borrowed?
This plan did work until the late 1880's, and early 1900's when archeologists started to finally dig out the texts in their original tablet form and the scholars translated them. They were astonished to find so much of the source material for the Bible. This plan
worked for more than 2,000 years, most people thought the biblical stories were original to the Bible. Even now people are astonished when I tell them there are stories of semi human/semi divine characters and stories of resurrection from 2000 - 3000 years before
the time of Jesus and even Abraham.
The modern version of the Bible was probably read by Ezra (about 464BCE) at the inauguration of the Second holy temple in Jerusalem.Obviously scholars disagree with the exact dating. With all those tablets that I spoke about before, many different copies of them were found with the same stories. The root to those stories is the Sumerian culture, but after the culture dies off the stories moved to the Akkadians, although they still wrote all the religious documents in the Sumerian language for hundreds of years after Sumerian was not a publicly spoken language. Later on with King Gudea, there was a resurgence of the Sumerian language (2,122 - 2,141 BCE). Then the stories moved to the Assyrians, Babylonians, Hittites, Canaanites, Hebrews, etc. Archaeologists found translation tablets that had dictionaries carved on them, they said this word in Sumerian is this word in Akkadian, this word in Akkadian is this word in Assyrian, etc.
Many tablets were broken in pieces and fragmented so it took many years to connect the pieces from the museums around the world and put the texts together. But some texts were found in libraries of clay tablets, where they found a shelf full of intact texts, with
the catalog list at the front of the shelf. The index list told archaeologists what tablets were missing from the shelf. Obviously the archeologists were amazed to dig up complete libraries of carved clay tablets.
Here are some Sumerian words that many other languages and cultures have borrowed. Mother - Ama in Sumerian, Ima in Hebrew. Father - Ab-ba, Ad-da in Sumerian, Aba in Hebrew. Mountain, mountain-range - Kur, Hur-sag in Sumerian. Har is mountain in Hebrew. Kur could also mean land. Alla, (Allah) the name of god in Arabic was also the name of a Sumerian goddess of the netherworld. In Akkadian Allatu. Earth - Ki in Sumerian, also known as Gi or Qi. Modern usage Gaia for the mother Earth. Great - Gal in Sumerian, in Hebrew Gadol is great or large; it has the same first and last sound. Three letter root is GAL, GDL.
Adamu and Adapa are Sumerian names and characters, the original form of the name Adam from the Bible. Adam is always translated as "Man" in English. In Hebrew the word Adama can mean earth (dust of the
ground) and Adom is red (like blood) and the word Dam means blood. Do you see how the root name of Adam is closely linked to other words? These double meanings will be important later on.
Heaven, sky, star is An, Anu, the city know as Heliopolis in Egypt used to be called An, or Anu. (The chief worship site of the god Re "Ra".) (Universe is a compound word made up of An-Ki, meaning Heaven and Earth.)
Dumuzi - Sumerian god, used for name of Hebrew month as Tammuz. Crying for Tammuz is mentioned in Bible, Ezekiel 8:12 (about the same time as the Babylonian exile). They were not crying for the name of a month. They were crying in remembrance of Dumuzi the husband of Inanna who was killed and not able to be revived.
E-din, E-means house, Din means righteous or pure. The Garden of Eden. In Hebrew Din is law; House of Law is like saying courthouse. (Some of you may have heard of the word Moujahadin, which is an Arabic word meaning holy warrior or righteous warrior. This is the name of the Arabic fighters in Afghanistan that the U.S.
supported to fight off the Russian invasion.)
.The word Nephilim does not mean giants but they probably were giants in size, nobody disputes that. Most depictions from ancient Mesopotamia showed the Anunnaki gods to be much taller than humans.
Mr. Heiser shows how in Numbers, 13:33, it calls the Nephilim the "children of Anak." The word for giants in Hebrew today is Anak (singular) and Anakim (plural). According to the Signet "Hebrew/English Dictionary" by Dov Ben Abba, the word for giant can be "Anak" or "Anaki." Well how do you think you spell Enki without any vowels?
Let's compare Anak and Enki without any vowels, they would look like this "ANK", "ANK." Lets compare the words Anaki and Enki without any vowels, they would look like this "ANK", "ANK." Let's compare the words Anunnaki and Anak without any vowels, it would look like this "ANNK", "ANK." All of these comparisons are matches of similar sounding words. Yes the original source of the word for giant (Anak or Anaki) in Hebrew came from the Sumerian use of these words to
describe their large gods. (In Hebrew, all these words could have the same 3-letter roots and could start with an Ayin, only the vowels and the pronunciation would be different. Mr. Heiser also tells you how the original Hebrew did not have vowels when originally written but were added hundreds to thousands of years later. He might say you would need a "yod" at the end of the word to have the "ee" sound, but a yod is just a single small line at the end of the word that could easily be left out by a scribe, and you can make the sound with the vowels, and imitate the "ee" sound by only using vowels.) I think it is enough to show that the first
written language that used the Anak, Anaki, Anunnaki root sound was Sumerian and that was the influence for the word giants in Hebrew.
Imagine these names, Anu, Enki, Anunnaki, Enlil, which were repeated in religious documents year after year, for thousand of years. This is a huge influence on the people and their memories.
So in Gen 6:3, we have "the Nephilim were in the Earth in those day and afterwards, when the [children of the Elohim] saw the daughters of man were attractive and took them as wives..."
In Numbers 13:33, we have "There we saw the Nephilim, [the children of Anak/Enki/Anunnaki], which come from the Nephilim, and we were in their site as grasshoppers." Of course Mr. Heiser will bring up his
objection with the incorrect grammar in certain places, and the mixing of plural and singular, but I am showing you the older influences, the previous cultures infusion into the monotheistic Bible.
I agree with Sitchin that the word Nephilim (using the root Naphal to fall down) is consistent with the word Anunnaki, which means "those who from heaven to Earth came." Nephilim means "those who fell down", "the fallen ones." In the historical context and
what the Bible means is, "Those who have fallen down from above."
The flood story is one of those times where the Bible becomes inconsistent, because it tells us that before the flood disaster the Nephilim were there on Earth. But only Noah and his family survived the flood, so how do these Nephilim appear again to be living in the
land of Israel after everyone was killed during the flood? This shows once again that the story about the flood must come from older sources, of course Sumerian being the oldest, where the hero was called Ziusudra and in Akkadian Utnapishtim. The flood in these
Mesopotamian versions (all versions except the Bible) did not cover the entire Earth, it did however, flood great parts of the low lands where most of the people lived. The storms lasted seven days and seven nights and they were saved by a raven not a dove. In the
Bible the dove gets the piece of tree and Noah waits 3 series of 7 days while sending birds out each time. (Translation from Myths from Mesopotamia by Stephanie Dalley)
After Utnapishtim lands, he builds a fire to cook and "... the gods smelt the fragrance, the gods smelt the pleasant fragrance..."
After Noah built an alter he offered sacrifices and "... Yahweh smelled the pleasing aroma..." (Genesis 8:21) There are a lot of gods that seem to like the smell of meat being cooked, including the Bible's pure-energy, non-physical creator god who should not be
interested in smells. Obviously this quote is taken from the older source, where the older gods are changed into Yahweh.
Somehow the Nephilim survived the flood... In the Sumerian story of the flood, the gods were watching the destruction from above. One goddess is crying over the destruction of her children. From Atra Hasis, "... Nintu was wailing... They are washed up, like a raft on
a bank. They are washed up like a raft on a bank in open country! I have seen and wept over them! Shall I (ever) finish weeping over them?" (Nintu is also Ninmah.)
After the flood these characters "fell" (naphal) back down to Earth and lived among the descendants of Noah and mankind. Until the time that Yahweh and the Israelites went to war against them.
Famous giants ("Anakim" descendants of the Anunnaki/Enki) from the Bible are Og, King of Bashan (Deut 3:1), and Goliath the giant that
Kind David defeated (Samuel 21:15-19). Another Sumerian influence is found here that Goliath's name (Galyat in Hebrew) starts with the word "Gal" meaning great" in Sumerian. Today in the English language, we can use the word Goliath to denote something big and
gigantic.
In Gen 11:1, it says, in my new translation (The Stone Edition, Tanach, ArtScroll series), "The whole Earth was of one language of common purpose. And it came to pass, when they migrated from the east they found a valley in the land of Shinar (Sumer) and settled
there." Later on, Yahweh saw what the humans were doing and said "Behold they are one people with one language for all... come let us (plural) descend and there confuse their language, that they should not understand each other."
In Sumerian Mythology by Samuel Noah Kramer from a tablet that was in the Ashmolean museum, "... Harmony-tongued Sumer... To Enlil in one tongue gave speech..." a few lines later "... Changed the speech in their mouths, put contention into it, into the speech of man that had (until then) been one."
Was it Yahweh or Enlil that changed the speech of man? In this case Enlil was changed into Yahweh.
From The Ancient Near East, edited by James B. Pritchard, The Legendof Sargon, "... My changeling mother conceived me, in secret she bore me. She set me in a basket of rushes, with bitumen she sealed
my lid. She cast me into the river, which rose not (over) me. The river bore me up and carried me to Akki, the drawer of water. Akki, the drawer of water lifted me out as he dipped his e[w]er. Akki the drawer of water, [took me] as his son (and) reared me." Sargon was
appointed as gardener, granted love by Ishtar, and exercised kingship over the people. (Sargon dated to 2,279 - 2,334 BCE)
Exodus 2:3, "... The woman conceived and gave birth to a son. She saw that he was good and she hid him for three months. She could not hide him any longer, so she took for him a wicker basket and smeared it with clay and pitch, she placed the child into it and placed it among the reeds at the bank of the river." Then Pharaoh's daughter saw the basket among the reeds. Later on the Bible says (Exodus 2:10), the boy grew up and she brought him to the daughter of Pharaoh and he was a son to her. She called his name Moses, as
she said, " For I drew him from the water." (Moses dated to 1,250 - 1,350 BCE)
Genesis 1:1, it says "In the beginning of God's creating the heavens and the earth" The word for god is "Elohim" So it should be translated "In the beginning of the Elohim's creation of the heavens and the earth." It then continues "... when the earth was astonishingly empty, with darkness upon the surface of the deep and
the divine presence (Elohim) hovered upon the surface of the waters. God (Elohim) said, let there be light," and there was light. God (Elohim) said that the light was good." All the words for god are "Elohim"
From the Epic of Creation (old translation from 1902), (also called the Enuma Elish) by L.W. King. "When in the heights heaven was not named. And the Earth beneath did not yet bear a name, and the primeval Apsu, who begat them, and chaos, Tiamet, the mother of them
both, Their waters were mingled together, and no field was formed no marsh was to be seen. When of the gods none had been called into being, and none bore a name, and no destinies were ordained. They were created the gods in the midst of heaven." The word for gods is "ilani" the plural of the word "ilu." (I bring in this
translation from 1902 to show you that this is not new information.)
From "Myths from Mesopotamia" by Stephanie Dalley, Epic of Creation, Marduk says "... Let me put blood together and bones too, let me set up primeval man: Man shall be his name...", "... The work of the gods shall be imposed on him..." In Atra Hasis, "... Nintu mixed clay, with her flesh and blood, they heard the drumbeat forever after, a ghost (soul) came into existence from the god's flesh and she (Nintu) proclaimed it a living sign." Later on "... I myself
created (it), my hands have made (it)..." Remember the meaning of Adom meaning red, it matches up with the use of blood here in both versions. Also the word bone used here is "is-si-im[tu]m" which corresponds to the Hebrew "etzem", "bone" used in Genesis 2:23, in
the phrase "etzem me-atzami", "bone of my bones." Stephanie Dalley mentions a possible word play being used here, ghost is "etemmu" and "temu" is intelligence. So the line above could be read "... an
intelligence came into existence from the god's flesh."
Genesis 1:26, Elohim said "Let us make man (Adam) in our image, after our likeness..." later on, "... so Elohim created the man (Adam) in his image, in the image of the Elohim, he created him, male and female, he created them." Gen 2:7, "And Yahweh Elohim formed the man (Adam) of dust from the ground, and he blew into his nostrils the soul of life and the man (Adam) became a living being." Gen 2:15, "Yahweh Elohim took the man (Adam) and placed him in the Garden of Eden, to work it and to watch it." Remember the meaning of "Adama", "earth" or "dust" as used here. The comparison of "blew into his nostrils the soul of life" is very similar to "a ghost (soul) came into existence from the god's flesh."
Both stories have the same theme, man is created using ingredients, and put to work for the god(s). From L.W. King, "According to each account the existence of a watery chaos preceded the creation of the universe; and the Hebrew word Tehom, translated as "the deep" is the equivalent of the Babylonian Tiamet, the monster of the deep personifying chaos and confusion." Later on King says, "... it may here be added that the employment by Marduk, the creator, of his own
blood in the creation of man may perhaps be compared to the Hebrew account of the creation of man in the image and likeness of Elohim. Moreover, the use of the plural in the phrase "let us make man" may be compared with the Babylonian narrative which relates that Marduk imparted his purpose of forming man to his father Ea (Enki), whom he probably afterwards instructed to carry out the actual work of man's
creation."
I think I have shown with evidence that the Bible does in fact contain many influences from previous cultures. I think that when reading texts and seeing the pictorial evidence from the ancient Mesopotamian culture, a much greater story and history comes alive.
This new information breaks through the monotheistic tendency of the Bible to discourage thinking and analysis of older cultures. The Bible treats all the old cultures as idol worshippers and non- believers, thereby discouraging research into them. But those same cultures created the stories that the Bible uses to prove there is only one god. And when those original stories were written many gods were mentioned in them. With all the administrate tablets found, we learn that the ancient gods lived among the people, were
cared for by the people and in return were given knowledge to better their lives.
Everybody else that does not think the stories are real, thinks the ancient people made everything up. They think all that they wrote was mythology. Well I have news for you, if you agree that it was all mythology, then the Bible that uses those stories is also copying mythology. You see to be consistent you either accept that the original sources of the Bible were real or they were fantasy. If you believe in the stories of the Bible then the older stories are also true. If you don't believe in the Bible being true then you can say that the source material is also not true.
You can't have it both ways and still be internally consistent. One book borrows from the others.
I want all of you to know this, regardless of what you believe, it does not mean you are crazy or foolish. If you believe in Sitchin's hypothesis, then you are in the company of millions of people, that are normal, sane individuals. If you don't believe in this hypothesis, that is also O.K., but don't think down upon people that do believe it. And for the believers don't think down upon the people that don't. Don't attack the other viewpoint, or ridicule the other position, the point of debate is to rise up, learn and educate everybody and not to exclude people.
We may never know the whole story, but the search without attacking and destroying is what will keep our civilization going forward. But if the process is used to attack, ridicule and insult then society will continue to break down and go backwards.
erikparker.com/articles/august02.htm by: Erik Parker
Zecharia Sitchin's thesis is simple to understand and has much evidence and weight behind it. It is that the Sumerian people, (later on the Akkadian, Assyrian and Babylonians) carved on clay tablets, (3/4 of a million texts, most of the tablets are contracts for goods & services and administrative tablets), that tell a story
that is both familiar and fantastic. The tablets, which have never changed from the date of creating them, have been found in digs all over the Middle East. The oldest stories of the Bible including the creation of Earth, the creation of man, the flood & destruction of
mankind, the Tower of Babel all are contained in these tablets. The tablets talk of multiple gods with different names that helped the people learn about harvesting, shepherding, astronomy, the calendar, irrigation, etc. Sitchin has shown that the level of understanding
and advanced thinking could not have been by accident and chance. The Sumerian kings and priests never claimed credit for this knowledge; the tablets always attributed the information to their gods, called by them the Anunnaki. Meaning "those who from heaven
to Earth came." Many of the tablets discuss the eating and dietary habits of these gods that inhabited the temples, who were cared for by the humans with reverence. This is no fantasy, the tablets
contain bills of sale for the materials delivered to the temples, and foods that were consumed and paid for. Some of the gods would not eat meat before Mid-day, or if they were served in anything but
gold bowls or gold cups would throw it back to the humans. Many authors and scholars have shown that the Bible picked up many of these ancient stories and influences and wrote them down the best they could at the time, not having direct access to the tablets, but
the stories being holy and repeated publicly at festivals. But later on the mistranslations appeared because of the different languages, influences of individual authors, scribes and translators that placed their own stamp and philosophy on them. Sitchin has
shown certain words have an older origin than the Hebrew language and it is a known fact that Hebrew borrows words from Aramaic, Canaanite, Akkadian, etc. These words are clues to cultures which preceded the Hebrews. Sitchin never stated that the grammar would be perfect to match the plurality of the word gods/Elohim. He stated that certain words contain evidence and history with them that show
the older influence from those previous cultures.
Abram (Abraham later on) came from the land of Sumer (Shinar in the Bible), from the capital city known as Ur (Ur Kasdim in the Bible, Gen 11:31). His father and grandfather were long lived Sumerians that lived in the capital city of Ur (around 2,025 to 2,075 BCE). Abraham's parents worshipped the gods of Sumer and he grew up with that culture. It says in Joshua 24:2, "Your forefathers, Terah the father of Abraham and the father of Nahor, always dwelt beyond the
(Euphrates) river and they served gods (Elohim) of others." This also means that Abram would have heard the Sumerian mythology repeated every year during festivals, if he attended with his father
& grandfather, until he left the land and went to Haran.
The Israelites left Egypt around (1,250 - 1,350 BCE) depends on who you think was the pharaoh at the time and the dating of them. Invasion of the Sea Peoples the Phoenicians (about 1,200 - 1,250 BCE). Old Hebrew or Temple Script borrowed Phoenician letters as shown in "The Atlas of Languages, The Origin and Development of Languages Throughout the World." The names of the letters are Phoenician names. A quote from the books says, "Following the sixth- century Babylonian exile of the Jews, the Old Hebrew script gradually gave way to Aramaic. The old characters, are, however, still used as a liturgical script by the Samaritans. Modern Hebrew square characters have their origin in the Aramaic script."
The time of Kind David and Solomon (about 931 - 1,000 BCE) During the reign of King Josiah of Judah, (around 609 - 641 BCE) all the torah (Bible) scrolls were lost in Israel until the high priest discovered one. After King Josiah, a religious man heard the words, apparently for the first time; he ordered all the temples of false
gods destroyed and the Passover to be observed (II Kings Chap 22 & 23). It says, "this is the first time the Passover was observed since the days of the Judges and all the days of the kings of Israel and Judah" (that is between 200 - 300 years). Now this is a time
when there is a holy temple in Jerusalem and there is worship and sacrifices going on there. Yet there are sill temples to false gods in Judah and no one has celebrated Passover for generations. Passover is currently one of the biggest holidays of the year for
Jews; it celebrates the Jewish exile from Egypt. In fact that is Yahweh's claim to fame in the Ten Commandments when it says "God (Elohim) spoke all these statements, saying, [I am the Lord (Yahweh)
your god], that took you out of Egypt from the house of slavery." (Exodus. 20:2) [it should read "I am Yahweh, your god that... "]
During the lifetime of the prophet Jeremiah, during the reign of Jehoiakim the son of the previous King Josiah, (about 598 - 597 BCE), parts of the Bible were re-written by Jeremiah. Apparently they had lost much of it again because Jeremiah delivered it to the elders and advisors of the king, and when the elders read it, they
were amazed (Jeremiah, Chap 36). But the king got mad when he heard Jeremiah's prophecies of destruction and threw the scroll into the fire. So Jeremiah re-writes the scrolls once again from the words
of Yahweh. This could also be called channeling. Here we have an example of the Bible actually telling us that it is being written in real time, as opposed to saying it is an old document.
When the Jews came back to Israel from the exile in Babylon (about 520 BCE), they had picked up the Babylonian names of the months of the year. They still use those names today even though the older
Bible from the desert with Moses has numbered months, this all changed in a time span of 70 - 72 years of exile. The original names of the months are listed with the holidays that went with them in Numbers 28:16-39, an example is the first month, or the seventh
month, that is how Yahweh and Moses labeled the months of the calendar. Here are examples of just three names of the 12 currently being used. Nisan from Nisanu, Tishrei from Tashritu, and my favorite Tammuz from Dumuzi, (Dumuzi is the actual name of a Sumerian god. Tammuz is the Semitic pronunciation. I am not sure if the Rabbis know they are using the name of an ancient false god for one of their month's names).
So when the final compilation of the Bible appeared during the years after returning from the Babylonian exile (around 520 BCE). The biblical authors incorporated their philosophy of one deity, Yahweh,
into the copies of the scrolls. Whatever attributes a previous god may have had, was retained and given to Yahweh on paper. If the story was holy and the deeds were attributed to Anu, Enki, Enlil, Inanna or Marduk it became the property of the Elohim or Yahweh.
Probably Elohim was a clue to uncover those stories that showed an earlier influence from Mesopotamia. Why not just give one name to all the other gods mentioned and save much time? Remember the Bible
is trying to prove there is only one god, which is the point of the document. So we can accomplish this by putting all individual names into one general term, plural of course, and for the priests with
the secret knowledge that know for themselves, we just incorporated the great stories the public knows and made them specific to our culture and our congregation. Who would know about the older
tablets, who would know we borrowed?
This plan did work until the late 1880's, and early 1900's when archeologists started to finally dig out the texts in their original tablet form and the scholars translated them. They were astonished to find so much of the source material for the Bible. This plan
worked for more than 2,000 years, most people thought the biblical stories were original to the Bible. Even now people are astonished when I tell them there are stories of semi human/semi divine characters and stories of resurrection from 2000 - 3000 years before
the time of Jesus and even Abraham.
The modern version of the Bible was probably read by Ezra (about 464BCE) at the inauguration of the Second holy temple in Jerusalem.Obviously scholars disagree with the exact dating. With all those tablets that I spoke about before, many different copies of them were found with the same stories. The root to those stories is the Sumerian culture, but after the culture dies off the stories moved to the Akkadians, although they still wrote all the religious documents in the Sumerian language for hundreds of years after Sumerian was not a publicly spoken language. Later on with King Gudea, there was a resurgence of the Sumerian language (2,122 - 2,141 BCE). Then the stories moved to the Assyrians, Babylonians, Hittites, Canaanites, Hebrews, etc. Archaeologists found translation tablets that had dictionaries carved on them, they said this word in Sumerian is this word in Akkadian, this word in Akkadian is this word in Assyrian, etc.
Many tablets were broken in pieces and fragmented so it took many years to connect the pieces from the museums around the world and put the texts together. But some texts were found in libraries of clay tablets, where they found a shelf full of intact texts, with
the catalog list at the front of the shelf. The index list told archaeologists what tablets were missing from the shelf. Obviously the archeologists were amazed to dig up complete libraries of carved clay tablets.
Here are some Sumerian words that many other languages and cultures have borrowed. Mother - Ama in Sumerian, Ima in Hebrew. Father - Ab-ba, Ad-da in Sumerian, Aba in Hebrew. Mountain, mountain-range - Kur, Hur-sag in Sumerian. Har is mountain in Hebrew. Kur could also mean land. Alla, (Allah) the name of god in Arabic was also the name of a Sumerian goddess of the netherworld. In Akkadian Allatu. Earth - Ki in Sumerian, also known as Gi or Qi. Modern usage Gaia for the mother Earth. Great - Gal in Sumerian, in Hebrew Gadol is great or large; it has the same first and last sound. Three letter root is GAL, GDL.
Adamu and Adapa are Sumerian names and characters, the original form of the name Adam from the Bible. Adam is always translated as "Man" in English. In Hebrew the word Adama can mean earth (dust of the
ground) and Adom is red (like blood) and the word Dam means blood. Do you see how the root name of Adam is closely linked to other words? These double meanings will be important later on.
Heaven, sky, star is An, Anu, the city know as Heliopolis in Egypt used to be called An, or Anu. (The chief worship site of the god Re "Ra".) (Universe is a compound word made up of An-Ki, meaning Heaven and Earth.)
Dumuzi - Sumerian god, used for name of Hebrew month as Tammuz. Crying for Tammuz is mentioned in Bible, Ezekiel 8:12 (about the same time as the Babylonian exile). They were not crying for the name of a month. They were crying in remembrance of Dumuzi the husband of Inanna who was killed and not able to be revived.
E-din, E-means house, Din means righteous or pure. The Garden of Eden. In Hebrew Din is law; House of Law is like saying courthouse. (Some of you may have heard of the word Moujahadin, which is an Arabic word meaning holy warrior or righteous warrior. This is the name of the Arabic fighters in Afghanistan that the U.S.
supported to fight off the Russian invasion.)
.The word Nephilim does not mean giants but they probably were giants in size, nobody disputes that. Most depictions from ancient Mesopotamia showed the Anunnaki gods to be much taller than humans.
Mr. Heiser shows how in Numbers, 13:33, it calls the Nephilim the "children of Anak." The word for giants in Hebrew today is Anak (singular) and Anakim (plural). According to the Signet "Hebrew/English Dictionary" by Dov Ben Abba, the word for giant can be "Anak" or "Anaki." Well how do you think you spell Enki without any vowels?
Let's compare Anak and Enki without any vowels, they would look like this "ANK", "ANK." Lets compare the words Anaki and Enki without any vowels, they would look like this "ANK", "ANK." Let's compare the words Anunnaki and Anak without any vowels, it would look like this "ANNK", "ANK." All of these comparisons are matches of similar sounding words. Yes the original source of the word for giant (Anak or Anaki) in Hebrew came from the Sumerian use of these words to
describe their large gods. (In Hebrew, all these words could have the same 3-letter roots and could start with an Ayin, only the vowels and the pronunciation would be different. Mr. Heiser also tells you how the original Hebrew did not have vowels when originally written but were added hundreds to thousands of years later. He might say you would need a "yod" at the end of the word to have the "ee" sound, but a yod is just a single small line at the end of the word that could easily be left out by a scribe, and you can make the sound with the vowels, and imitate the "ee" sound by only using vowels.) I think it is enough to show that the first
written language that used the Anak, Anaki, Anunnaki root sound was Sumerian and that was the influence for the word giants in Hebrew.
Imagine these names, Anu, Enki, Anunnaki, Enlil, which were repeated in religious documents year after year, for thousand of years. This is a huge influence on the people and their memories.
So in Gen 6:3, we have "the Nephilim were in the Earth in those day and afterwards, when the [children of the Elohim] saw the daughters of man were attractive and took them as wives..."
In Numbers 13:33, we have "There we saw the Nephilim, [the children of Anak/Enki/Anunnaki], which come from the Nephilim, and we were in their site as grasshoppers." Of course Mr. Heiser will bring up his
objection with the incorrect grammar in certain places, and the mixing of plural and singular, but I am showing you the older influences, the previous cultures infusion into the monotheistic Bible.
I agree with Sitchin that the word Nephilim (using the root Naphal to fall down) is consistent with the word Anunnaki, which means "those who from heaven to Earth came." Nephilim means "those who fell down", "the fallen ones." In the historical context and
what the Bible means is, "Those who have fallen down from above."
The flood story is one of those times where the Bible becomes inconsistent, because it tells us that before the flood disaster the Nephilim were there on Earth. But only Noah and his family survived the flood, so how do these Nephilim appear again to be living in the
land of Israel after everyone was killed during the flood? This shows once again that the story about the flood must come from older sources, of course Sumerian being the oldest, where the hero was called Ziusudra and in Akkadian Utnapishtim. The flood in these
Mesopotamian versions (all versions except the Bible) did not cover the entire Earth, it did however, flood great parts of the low lands where most of the people lived. The storms lasted seven days and seven nights and they were saved by a raven not a dove. In the
Bible the dove gets the piece of tree and Noah waits 3 series of 7 days while sending birds out each time. (Translation from Myths from Mesopotamia by Stephanie Dalley)
After Utnapishtim lands, he builds a fire to cook and "... the gods smelt the fragrance, the gods smelt the pleasant fragrance..."
After Noah built an alter he offered sacrifices and "... Yahweh smelled the pleasing aroma..." (Genesis 8:21) There are a lot of gods that seem to like the smell of meat being cooked, including the Bible's pure-energy, non-physical creator god who should not be
interested in smells. Obviously this quote is taken from the older source, where the older gods are changed into Yahweh.
Somehow the Nephilim survived the flood... In the Sumerian story of the flood, the gods were watching the destruction from above. One goddess is crying over the destruction of her children. From Atra Hasis, "... Nintu was wailing... They are washed up, like a raft on
a bank. They are washed up like a raft on a bank in open country! I have seen and wept over them! Shall I (ever) finish weeping over them?" (Nintu is also Ninmah.)
After the flood these characters "fell" (naphal) back down to Earth and lived among the descendants of Noah and mankind. Until the time that Yahweh and the Israelites went to war against them.
Famous giants ("Anakim" descendants of the Anunnaki/Enki) from the Bible are Og, King of Bashan (Deut 3:1), and Goliath the giant that
Kind David defeated (Samuel 21:15-19). Another Sumerian influence is found here that Goliath's name (Galyat in Hebrew) starts with the word "Gal" meaning great" in Sumerian. Today in the English language, we can use the word Goliath to denote something big and
gigantic.
In Gen 11:1, it says, in my new translation (The Stone Edition, Tanach, ArtScroll series), "The whole Earth was of one language of common purpose. And it came to pass, when they migrated from the east they found a valley in the land of Shinar (Sumer) and settled
there." Later on, Yahweh saw what the humans were doing and said "Behold they are one people with one language for all... come let us (plural) descend and there confuse their language, that they should not understand each other."
In Sumerian Mythology by Samuel Noah Kramer from a tablet that was in the Ashmolean museum, "... Harmony-tongued Sumer... To Enlil in one tongue gave speech..." a few lines later "... Changed the speech in their mouths, put contention into it, into the speech of man that had (until then) been one."
Was it Yahweh or Enlil that changed the speech of man? In this case Enlil was changed into Yahweh.
From The Ancient Near East, edited by James B. Pritchard, The Legendof Sargon, "... My changeling mother conceived me, in secret she bore me. She set me in a basket of rushes, with bitumen she sealed
my lid. She cast me into the river, which rose not (over) me. The river bore me up and carried me to Akki, the drawer of water. Akki, the drawer of water lifted me out as he dipped his e[w]er. Akki the drawer of water, [took me] as his son (and) reared me." Sargon was
appointed as gardener, granted love by Ishtar, and exercised kingship over the people. (Sargon dated to 2,279 - 2,334 BCE)
Exodus 2:3, "... The woman conceived and gave birth to a son. She saw that he was good and she hid him for three months. She could not hide him any longer, so she took for him a wicker basket and smeared it with clay and pitch, she placed the child into it and placed it among the reeds at the bank of the river." Then Pharaoh's daughter saw the basket among the reeds. Later on the Bible says (Exodus 2:10), the boy grew up and she brought him to the daughter of Pharaoh and he was a son to her. She called his name Moses, as
she said, " For I drew him from the water." (Moses dated to 1,250 - 1,350 BCE)
Genesis 1:1, it says "In the beginning of God's creating the heavens and the earth" The word for god is "Elohim" So it should be translated "In the beginning of the Elohim's creation of the heavens and the earth." It then continues "... when the earth was astonishingly empty, with darkness upon the surface of the deep and
the divine presence (Elohim) hovered upon the surface of the waters. God (Elohim) said, let there be light," and there was light. God (Elohim) said that the light was good." All the words for god are "Elohim"
From the Epic of Creation (old translation from 1902), (also called the Enuma Elish) by L.W. King. "When in the heights heaven was not named. And the Earth beneath did not yet bear a name, and the primeval Apsu, who begat them, and chaos, Tiamet, the mother of them
both, Their waters were mingled together, and no field was formed no marsh was to be seen. When of the gods none had been called into being, and none bore a name, and no destinies were ordained. They were created the gods in the midst of heaven." The word for gods is "ilani" the plural of the word "ilu." (I bring in this
translation from 1902 to show you that this is not new information.)
From "Myths from Mesopotamia" by Stephanie Dalley, Epic of Creation, Marduk says "... Let me put blood together and bones too, let me set up primeval man: Man shall be his name...", "... The work of the gods shall be imposed on him..." In Atra Hasis, "... Nintu mixed clay, with her flesh and blood, they heard the drumbeat forever after, a ghost (soul) came into existence from the god's flesh and she (Nintu) proclaimed it a living sign." Later on "... I myself
created (it), my hands have made (it)..." Remember the meaning of Adom meaning red, it matches up with the use of blood here in both versions. Also the word bone used here is "is-si-im[tu]m" which corresponds to the Hebrew "etzem", "bone" used in Genesis 2:23, in
the phrase "etzem me-atzami", "bone of my bones." Stephanie Dalley mentions a possible word play being used here, ghost is "etemmu" and "temu" is intelligence. So the line above could be read "... an
intelligence came into existence from the god's flesh."
Genesis 1:26, Elohim said "Let us make man (Adam) in our image, after our likeness..." later on, "... so Elohim created the man (Adam) in his image, in the image of the Elohim, he created him, male and female, he created them." Gen 2:7, "And Yahweh Elohim formed the man (Adam) of dust from the ground, and he blew into his nostrils the soul of life and the man (Adam) became a living being." Gen 2:15, "Yahweh Elohim took the man (Adam) and placed him in the Garden of Eden, to work it and to watch it." Remember the meaning of "Adama", "earth" or "dust" as used here. The comparison of "blew into his nostrils the soul of life" is very similar to "a ghost (soul) came into existence from the god's flesh."
Both stories have the same theme, man is created using ingredients, and put to work for the god(s). From L.W. King, "According to each account the existence of a watery chaos preceded the creation of the universe; and the Hebrew word Tehom, translated as "the deep" is the equivalent of the Babylonian Tiamet, the monster of the deep personifying chaos and confusion." Later on King says, "... it may here be added that the employment by Marduk, the creator, of his own
blood in the creation of man may perhaps be compared to the Hebrew account of the creation of man in the image and likeness of Elohim. Moreover, the use of the plural in the phrase "let us make man" may be compared with the Babylonian narrative which relates that Marduk imparted his purpose of forming man to his father Ea (Enki), whom he probably afterwards instructed to carry out the actual work of man's
creation."
I think I have shown with evidence that the Bible does in fact contain many influences from previous cultures. I think that when reading texts and seeing the pictorial evidence from the ancient Mesopotamian culture, a much greater story and history comes alive.
This new information breaks through the monotheistic tendency of the Bible to discourage thinking and analysis of older cultures. The Bible treats all the old cultures as idol worshippers and non- believers, thereby discouraging research into them. But those same cultures created the stories that the Bible uses to prove there is only one god. And when those original stories were written many gods were mentioned in them. With all the administrate tablets found, we learn that the ancient gods lived among the people, were
cared for by the people and in return were given knowledge to better their lives.
Everybody else that does not think the stories are real, thinks the ancient people made everything up. They think all that they wrote was mythology. Well I have news for you, if you agree that it was all mythology, then the Bible that uses those stories is also copying mythology. You see to be consistent you either accept that the original sources of the Bible were real or they were fantasy. If you believe in the stories of the Bible then the older stories are also true. If you don't believe in the Bible being true then you can say that the source material is also not true.
You can't have it both ways and still be internally consistent. One book borrows from the others.
I want all of you to know this, regardless of what you believe, it does not mean you are crazy or foolish. If you believe in Sitchin's hypothesis, then you are in the company of millions of people, that are normal, sane individuals. If you don't believe in this hypothesis, that is also O.K., but don't think down upon people that do believe it. And for the believers don't think down upon the people that don't. Don't attack the other viewpoint, or ridicule the other position, the point of debate is to rise up, learn and educate everybody and not to exclude people.
We may never know the whole story, but the search without attacking and destroying is what will keep our civilization going forward. But if the process is used to attack, ridicule and insult then society will continue to break down and go backwards.